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Amebic liver
Amebic liver abscess is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, the same organism that causes amebiasis, an intestinal infection also called amebic dysentery. The organism is carried by the blood from the intestines to the liver.
The disease spreads through ingestion of amebic cysts in food or water contaminated with feces (sometimes due to use of human waste as fertilizer), and through person-to-person contact.
The infection occurs worldwide, but is most common in tropical areas where crowded living conditions and poor sanitation exist. Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and India have significant health problems associated with this disease.
Risk factors for amebic liver abscess include:
-Alcoholism
-Cancer
-Homosexual activity, particularly in men
-Old age
-Pregnancy
-Recent travel to a tropical region
-Steroid use. An antibiotic medicine called metronidazole (Flagyl) is the usual treatment for liver abscess. A medication such as iodoquinol must also be taken to get rid of all the amebas in the intestine, to prevent the disease from coming back. This can usually be delayed until after the abscess has been treated.In rare cases, the abscess may need to be drained to help relieve some of the abdominal pain.Without treatment, the abscess may rupture and spread into other organs, leading to death. Persons who receive treatment have a very high chance of a complete cure or having only minor complications.
tags:amebic liver abscess,Steroid use. he abscess may rupture and spread ,
Vitamin B3
We need about 10 to 20 milligrams per day (1 milligram = 0.001 gram) of nicotinic acid.In the intestinal tract, the amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin by bacterial action and thus can serve as a source for part of the niacin we need.Some doctors recommend inositol hexaniacinate for people who need large amounts of niacin because it has not been linked with any of the usual niacin toxicity in scientific research.
Because of the risk of liver inflammation at these doses, medical supervision is essential.
Tags:hepatitis,vitamin B3,essential,
What are the goals of therapy for hepatitis C virus?
The ultimate goals of antiviral therapy are to eliminate HCV, improve or normalize the liver tests and histology (microscopic appearance), prevent progression to cirrhosis and liver cancer, prolong survival, and improve the quality of life.
As already indicated, only a sustained virologic response provides the possibility of achieving all of the ultimate goals, since most patients who have an SVR will remain in remission indefinitely. The rest of the patients (non-responders, partial responders and relapsers) may show improvement in blood tests with or without relief of symptoms.
What are the therapy options for previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C?
For previously untreated patients without reasons to be excluded from treatment, the optimal treatment is combined treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (Rebetol, Copegus). Patients who have reasons not to receive ribavirin may be treated solely with pegylated interferon. Older preparations of interferon are less effective and less commonly used.
Pegylated interferon
Interferons are a family of naturally occurring proteins that are produced by the body to fight viral infections. To produce pegylated interferon, the interferon is processed by attaching ethylene glycol to it. This process is called pegylation and it slows the elimination of interferon from the body so that its effects are more prolonged. There are currently two types of pegylated interferon: pegylated interferon alpha 2b (Peg-Intron A) and pegylated interferon alpha 2a (Pegasys). Both pegylated interferon alpha 2b and 2a; are given as a subcutaneous injection once a week.
Optimally, pegylated interferon therapy should be combined with ribavirin. In persons who cannot take ribavirin, monotherapy with pegylated interferon may be used. Monotherapy has been shown to achieve sustained virologic response rates of 23% to 25% in patients.
Ribavirin
The antiviral agent, ribavirin (Rebetol, Copegus), is a nucleoside analogue that is taken by mouth. Nucleoside analogues are man-made molecules that closely resemble the biochemical units that make up genetic material (RNA and DNA). Ribavirin works by fooling the virus into using it instead of the normal building blocks, thereby slowing viral reproduction. Ribavirin has not worked well when used alone for hepatitis C.
Combined pegylated interferon and ribavirin
- Combined therapy with both pegylated interferon and ribavirin produces a sustained virologic response in 28% to 50% of patients with genotype 1.
- For unknown reasons, response rates are lower in African American persons and higher in Caucasians.
- In patients with genotype 2, sustained response rates are higher (76% to 82%).
- The duration of therapy depends on the genotype of the HCV.
- Hence the recommended duration of treatment for HCV genotype 2 and 3 is 24 weeks and for genotype 1 is 48 weeks.
- Sustained virologic response usually is accompanied by a return to normal serum ALT levels and improvement in inflammation within the liver.
Combination therapy is associated with more side effects than monotherapy (see below). In research studies, up to 20% of patients receiving combination therapy required a reduction in the doses or discontinuation of therapy because of the side effects.
Nevertheless, combination therapy represents significant progress in the treatment of chronic HCV and is the current standard of care.
Some patients treated successfully with combination therapy still have detectable virus after 12 weeks of treatment but go on to have a sustained response. Therefore, patients on combination therapy should have hepatitis C virus RNA measured at 24 weeks of therapy. In those who are still positive for the virus at that time, consideration is given to stopping treatment, since the chance of sustained response is small.
tags: hepatitis C virus?The antiviral agent,ribavirin(Rebetol,Pegylated interferon Copegus),theoptimal treatment ,
Hepatitis ABCDEFG Prevention
Vaccination is the best way to prevent some of the hepatitis - A, B (which involves protection against hepatitis D virus).
For hepatitis C, E, G viruses there are not vaccines available.

lifestyle: using protection during sex, avoid sharing drugs, needles, syringes, personal care items that might have blood on them (razors, toothbrushes), washing hands with water and soap after every using of the bathroom, before and after preparing and eating food, avoid drinking water of unknown purity, etc.
tags:Hepatitis Prevention,Vaccination is the best way ,Hepatitis Prevention,For hepatitis C, E, G viruses,
Nutrition in acute liver inflammation
Patients who vomit should be given normal, usually liquid or mechanically minced diet, but without any sharp spices and with less animal and more vegetable fat.
Special care should be taken of unfed patients to ensure they are eating the required amounts of all nutrients, particularly essential. Those who are on mushy or liquid diets should avoid food that causes flatulence. Acutely inflamed liver is particularly sensitive to alcohol, and it is strictly prohibited. Smoking is not recommended also because it makes the patient’s condition even worse.
tags:Nutrition in acute liver inflammation,patients,
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