Wormwood plant

Because it is a digestive tonic, wormwood increases bile secretion when it is administrated as infusion.Because it is a digestive tonic, wormwood increases bile secretion when it is administrated as infusion.Only the leaves and the high stalks are used for medical purposes.One spoon of tincture dissolved in 100ml of water must be administrated 3 or 4 times a day.It must be drunk cold before each primary meal and because of its bitter taste it can be sweetened with honey or sugar.The wormwood mixtures must be administrated only when they are needed and overdoses can cause headaches and inflammations on the gastric mucous membrane.Its consumption is not recommended for pregnant women or in cases of acute intestinal disorders.

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Viral hepatitis II

Signs and symptoms

Assessment findings are similar for the different types of hepatitis. Typically, signs and symptoms progress in several stages.

In the prodromal (preicteric) stage, the patient typically complains of easy fatigue and anorexia (possibly with mild weight loss), generalized malaise, depression, headache, weakness, arthralgia, myalgia, photophobia, and nausea with vomiting. He also may describe changes in his senses of taste and smell.

Assessment of the patient’s vital signs may reveal a fever of 100° to 102° F (37.8° to 38.9° C). As the prodromal stage ends, usually 1 to 5 days before the onset of the clinical jaundice stage, inspection of urine and stool specimens may reveal dark-colored urine and clay-colored stools.

If the patient has progressed to the clinical jaundice stage, he may report pruritus, abdominal pain or tenderness, and indigestion. Early in this stage, he may complain of anorexia; later, his appetite may return. Inspection of the sclerae, mucous membranes, and skin may reveal jaundice, which can last for 1 to 2 weeks. Jaundice indicates that the damaged liver is unable to remove bilirubin from the blood; however, its presence doesn’t indicate the severity of the disease. Occasionally, hepatitis occurs without jaundice.

During the clinical jaundice stage, inspection of the skin may detect rashes, erythematous patches, or urticaria, especially if the patient has hepatitis B or C. Palpation may disclose abdominal tenderness in the right upper quadrant, an enlarged and tender liver and, in some cases, splenomegaly and cervical adenopathy.

During the recovery (posticteric) stage, most of the patient’s symptoms decrease or subside. On palpation, a decrease in liver enlargement may be noted. The recovery phase commonly lasts from 2 to 12 weeks, although sometimes this phase lasts longer in the patient with hepatitis B, C, or E.Little is known about hepatitis G.

the patient with hepatitis B, C, or E.Little is known about hepatitis G.,During the clinical jaundice stage, inspection of the skin may detect rashes,especially if the patient has hepatitis B or C, Assessment findings are similar for the different types of hepatitis,hepatitis abcdefg,viral hepatitis,liver,

Hepatitis HBV virus II

Causes

The hepatitis B virus spreads through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and other body fluids.
Infection can occur if you have:

• Blood transfusions
• Contact with blood in health care settings
• Had direct contact with the blood of an infected person by touching an open wound or being stuck with a needle
• Had unprotected sex with an infected person
• Received a tattoo or acupuncture with contaminated instruments
• Shared needles during drug use
• Shared personal items (such as toothbrushes, razors, and nail clippers) with an infected person

The hepatitis B virus can be passed to an infant during childbirth if the mother is infected.
Other risk factors for hepatitis B infection include:

• Being born, or having parents who were born in regions with high infection rates (including Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean),nfection can occur if you have
• Having multiple sex partners
• Men having sex with men
• Being on hemodialysis
• Being infected with HIV

Hepatitis B infections may be acute or chronic.

• Acute hepatitis B is the 3 - 6 month period after becoming infected.
• Chronic hepatitis B is when the hepatitis B virus remains in a person's body. These people are considered to be carriers of hepatitis B, even if they do not have any symptoms.

Most of the damage from the hepatitis B virus is due to the body's response to the infection. When the body's immune system detects the infection, it sends out special cells to fight it off. However, these disease-fighting cells can lead to liver inflammation.

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The liver Part I

The liver is the largest organ in our body, seeks to 1200-1500 mg, and makes fiftieth of the total body weight. The child is relatively larger, and makes her part of the eighteenth. It is located in the right upper abdomen and protected by ribs. 

The upper edge of the liver is scanned in the amount of warts. Distinguish two liver lobe: left, lower, and right, which is higher sixfolds.

The functional liver unit lobulus.

The liver has a central role in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, hormones, produced by the gall and detoxify drugs. 

For the above reasons, the liver are called "chemical factory" of our body.

tags:The liver,The functional liver,hepatitis,hepatitis B,C,The liver 

Viral hepatitis

Causes and incidence

The major forms of viral hepatitis result from infection with the causative viruses: A, B, C, D, E, or G.

Type A hepatitis is highly contagious and is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route. However, it may also be transmitted parenterally. Hepatitis A usually results from ingestion of contaminated food, milk, or water. Many outbreaks of this type are traced to ingestion of seafood from polluted water. In 2001, there were more than 10,000 acute cases of hepatitis A infection reported in the United States.

Type B hepatitis, once thought to be transmitted only by the direct exchange of contaminated blood, is now known to be transmitted also by contact with human secretions and feces. As a result, nurses, physicians, laboratory technicians, and dentists are frequently exposed to type B hepatitis, in many cases as a result of wearing defective gloves. Transmission also occurs during intimate sexual contact as well as through perinatal transmission. An estimated 200,000 new cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and 5,000 deaths from HBV occur annually in the United States.

Although specific type C hepatitis viruses have been isolated, only a small percentage of patients have tested positive for them — perhaps reflecting the test’s poor specificity. Usually, this type of hepatitis is transmitted through transfused blood from asymptomatic donors. Hepatitis C accounts for 30,000 new infections and 8,000 to 10,000 deaths each year in the United States. Most exposures (60%) occur through the use of illicit I.V. drugs. However, sexual transmission is responsible for 20% of cases. More than 170 million people have the hepatitis C virus worldwide.

Type D hepatitis is found only in patients with an acute or chronic episode of hepatitis B and requires the presence of HBsAg. The type D virus depends on the double-shelled type B virus to replicate. 

For this reason, type D infection can’t outlast a type B infection. About 15 million people are infected with hepatitis D worldwide. It’s more common in adults than in children. People with a history of illicit I.V. drug use and people who live in the Mediterranean basin have a higher incidence.

Type E hepatitis is transmitted enterically, much like type A. Because this virus is inconsistently shed in feces, detection is difficult. In the United States, the prevalence of hepatitis E is less than 2%. It’s typically found in developing countries that lie near the equator. Incidence is highest among people ages 15 to 40.

Type G may be transmitted in a manner similar to that of hepatitis C. It may also be transmitted by sexual contact, and its incidence may be higher than previously suspected. It’s associated with acute and chronic liver disease, but studies haven’t clearly implicated the hepatitis G virus as an etiologic agent.

Other proposed causative factors, such as non-ABCDE viral hepatitis and type F, are under investigation.
tags:hepatitis abcdefg,Causes and incidence, C hepatitis viruses, B infection,